(2015). This section also includes cyclothymia and dysthymia. Associations between psychiatric comorbidities and sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 40, 399410. News Corp is a global, diversified media and information services company focused on creating and distributing authoritative and engaging content and other products and services. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.08.011, Bravo, M., Ribera, J., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G., Shrout, P., Ramrez, R., et al. Economic suicides in the great recession in Europe and North America. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.144766, Rehm, L. P. (1977). En appliquant les thories de la narratologie la bande-son des films de cinma, on peut y distinguer deux catgories de sons en fonction de leurs rapports respectifs l'action filme : . Muslim interpretations of these verses are varied, but classical Muslim scholars seemed to have been of the opinion that Dhul-Qarnayn's journey was real, not allegorical, and that Dhul-Qarnayn's wall is also a real, physical wall somewhere on Earth. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular and clinical mechanisms have yet to be discovered (Pariante, 2017). Prevention of depression in at-risk adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. According to McCullough (2003), it is the only therapy developed specifically to treat chronic depression. Work 32, 326330. Sleep, affect, and social competence from preschool to preadolescence: distinct pathways to emotional and social adjustment for boys and for girls. Given that initial manifestations of depression may occur from a very early age, further and more in-depth research is required into the biological, psychological and social factors that, in an interrelated manner, may explain the appearance, development, and treatment of depression. Child Adolesc. Suicidal thoughts and acts are common and a number of somatic symptoms are usually present. Prevention of childhood emotional disorders: reducing the burden of suffering associated with anxiety and depression. Cln. Associations between insecure attachment among children and negative self-concept, sensitivity to loss, and an increased risk of depression in childhood and adolescence have been reported (Armsden et al., 1990; Koback et al., 1991; Kenny et al., 1993; Roelofs et al., 2006; Allen et al., 2007; Chorot et al., 2017). J. Clin. Terapia de solucin de problemas para la depresin: teora, investigacin y aplicaciones [Therapy for the solution of depression problems: theory, research and implementations]. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. The story of creation in the Hebrew Bible, in Genesis 1:10, (dated c. 900550 BC) is also considered by scholars to be describing a flat Earth surrounded by a sea. The invasion of the Khazars around 627 CE appears in the Syriac Christian Legend as an ex-eventu prophecy involving the Huns (including Gog and Magog) passing through the gate and destroying the land, which gives the terminus post quem of 628 CE for its final redaction. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. J. La Separacin Afectiva. Consult. (2009). In the nature versus nurture debate, Plato tended to side with nature, believing thatknowledge wasinnate. To state it briefly and in a simplified manner, this is the idea that all knowledge comes from outside ourselves through sensory experience rather than through innate knowledge that we have at birth. (1996) found that prior research into stressful life events in relation to early-onset depression had been based on data obtained from self-reports, making it difficult to determine the causal relationship, since events may be both the cause and consequence of depression. (2004). And wonder seized the great king at the council of the old men And he had it in his mind to make there a great gate. Together, the authors argue, these findings justify the inclusion of psychoanalytic therapy as a first-line treatment in adult, child, and adolescent depression. "[54] The translator of the travel log notes that Ibn Battuta confused the Great Wall of China with that supposedly built by Dhul-Qarnayn.[55]. (2011). Faculty interests are: the psychology of immigration and acculturation, body image, diversity, gay and lesbian issues, prejudice, reproductive health/mental health, sexuality, stereotyping, culture, language, and identity. Change 18, 92102. The results revealed that both family conflict and family cohesion were related to depressive symptoms. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.10.026, Hesse, E., and Main, M. (2000). Dans American Beauty (Sam Mendes, 1999), tout au dbut, la voix off de celui qui se rvle tre le personnage principal nous annonce avec beaucoup dhumour quil est mort lanne dernire, le problme de la fin du film tant demble rsolu puisque nous savons que le hros va mourir, il reste la question de qui va le tuer? Psychol. This site was conceived as an introduction to some of the basic approaches that cultural anthropologists have pursued . Next up are two theories that, while not the philosophical bombshells like the ones listed above, arguably have more of a practical edge. Chang, S. S., Stuckler, D., Yip, P., and Gunnel, D. (2013). The English word civilization comes from the 16th-century French civilis ("civilized"), from Latin civilis ("civil"), related to civis ("citizen") and civitas ("city"). Ainsi, le spectateur pourra craindre pendant tout le film pour la vie de lautre personnage, Guillaume de Baskerville,, elle dfie toutes les rgles de la dramaturgie. While this theory is quite popular, there has been criticism and direct contradiction of certain parts of it (particularly his idea about the predictable order of grammar structures). J. Other parts are extremely zoomed in and tell us highly specific details about how to learn a language. [15], One scholar (Kevin van Bladel)[8] who finds striking similarities between the Quranic verses 18:83-102 and the Syriac legend in support of Emperor Heraclius, dates the work to 629-630 AD or before Muhammad's death, not 629-636 AD. Consult. 8, 787804. Vitiello and Ordoez (2016) conducted a systematic review of the topic and found more than 30 controlled clinical trials in adolescents and a few studies with children. 19. The Christian legend is much more detailed than the Quran's version and elaborates at length about the cosmology of the Earth that is implied by the story: He [Alexander] said to them [the nobles]: "This thought has arisen in my mind, and I am wondering what is the extent of the earth, and how high the heavens are and upon what the heavens are fixed Now this I desire to go and see, upon what the heavens rest, and what surrounds all creation." Reynolds et al. Generality of learned helplessness in man. Psicol. (2013). Acad. The development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. Mental. Clin. doi: 10.1007/BF01173284. J. Disabil. Sur cette version linguistique de Wikipdia, les liens interlangues sont placs en haut droite du titre de larticle. Biological and psychological theories are the ones which have mainly tried to explain the origin of this mental disorder. Programa Fortius. BMJ 347, 116. Psychol. Cianchetti, C., and Sannio Fascello, G. (2001). Acculturation can be implemented by requiring learners to read every time, as a school culture. Res. The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Social degeneration was a widely influential concept at the interface of the social and biological sciences in the 18th and 19th centuries. [36], Ancient Greek coins, such as the coins minted by Alexander's successor Lysimachus (360281 BC), depict the ruler with the distinctive horns of Ammon on his head. The first episode may occur at any age, from childhood to old age. Methods Psychiatr. Similarly, cognitive strategies include the identification of cognitive errors, also known as cognitive restructuring. Afronta tu Depresin con Terapia Interpersonal [Face Your Depression with Interpersonal Therapy]. They are therefore particularly dangerous in cases of attempted suicide. (1994). Psychometric properties of the Reynolds Child Depression Scale in community and clinical samples. Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescent-DICA-R: acuerdo diagnstico entre nios/adolescentes y sus padres [Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescent-DICA-R: diagnostic agreement between children/adolescents and their parents]. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199305000-00004. This can be done by having a day or week in which all activities are done by reading instructions View Behav. Health J. (1966). This disorder was added to the DSM-5 due to doubts arising in relation to how to classify and treat children presenting with chronic persistent irritability as opposed to other related disorders, specifically pediatric bipolar disorder. Sanit. Child Psychol. J. Guid. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. John Wesley Powell, d'abord, dont tous les travaux ont consist mieux comprendre les mcanismes susceptibles de favoriser l'assimilation rapide et efficace des valeurs occidentales pour amricaniser les indiens et les nouveaux immigrants. doi: 10.1037/h0076720. Ces divers termes renvoient une approche intellectuelle des contacts entre groupes humains, qui s'est dveloppe dans le contexte du colonialisme, de la stigmatisation et de lexclusion. Relationships between secure attachment and depression seem also to be mediated by the development of maladaptive beliefs or schemas (Roberts et al., 1996; Reinecke and Rogers, 2001). ), as well as many psychiatric pathologies (Nique et al., 2014). In having the great conqueror thus acknowledge the essential truth of the Jews' religious, intellectual, or ethical traditions, the prestige of Alexander was harnessed to the cause of Jewish ethnocentrism. The burial site was constructed in the 4th century BC near the city of Pokrov and is given the name Tovsta Mohyla (another name is Babyna Mogila). 2, 217227. It is likely that no single theory can fully explain the genesis and persistence of depression, although currently, negative interpersonal relations and relations with one's environment and sociocultural changes (economic, political, and demographic) may explain the observed increase in the prevalence of depression. the Metrical Homily). Child Adolesc. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. It has also received plenty of criticism. Alexander's desire to reach "the ends of the Earth" was instilled by his tutor Aristotle: Alexander derived his concept of `Asia' from the teaching of Aristotle, for whom `the inhabited earth' was surrounded by `the Great sea' Ocean, and was divided into three areas `Europe, Libya and Asia.' Self-administered psychometric tests designed specifically for evaluating child and adolescent depression. De plus, l'insistance vouloir prsenter la continuit des cultures, en particulier occidentales, malgr les apports des minorits par rinterprtations, restructurations, facteurs de changements, renvoie une conception essentialiste de la culture, chre aux culturalistes. The most commonly used techniques are cognitive, behavioral, and emotional. J. Recurrent depressive disorder can be mild or moderate, but in neither of these is there any history of mania. The findings for Latino men appear less clear cut, with high acculturation tied to greater likelihood of drinking but not a definitive pattern for problem drinking. The databases used were PubMed, Web of Science, Science direct, and Google Scholar. As shown in the table, the results of the various programs outlined are not particularly positive, since on many occasions the effects (if there are any) are not sustained over time or are limited in scope (being dependent on who applies the program or on the sex of the participant, etc.). 48, 10971127. (2018) found that a low level of perceived parental warmth was linked to high levels of clinical and school maladjustment, and that the weaker the parental control, the greater the clinical maladjustment. Toward a transactional model of relations between attachment and depression, in The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Mental Health and Development. Box 870210 Markowitz, J. C., and Weissman, M. M. (1995). doi: 10.1177/00030651000480041101, Higgins, E. (1997). B., and Losilla, J. M. (1995). Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's (1961) Values Orientation Theory proposes that all human societies must answer a limited number of universal problems, that the value-based solutions are limited in number and universally known, but that different cultures have different preferences among Anxiety 27, 426433. 2022 Enux Education Limited. Problem-Solving Therapy. Angold, A., and Costello, E. J. 19, 3744. Dev. 34, 337349. Aren, P. A. Berrys Model of Acculturation Culture shock and the stages of culture shock are part of the acculturation process. A CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Psychoneuroendocrinology 88, 1723. Psychiatry 39, 2838. Long-term outcome of a school-based, universal approach to prevention of depression in adolescents. Madrid: TEA. Recurrent depressive disorder is characterized by repeated episodes of depression similar to those described above for single depressive episodes without mania. A legacy of colonialism was the great differential between wealthy and less wealthy parts of the world. RCADS: evaluacin de los sntomas de trastornos de ansiedad y depresin en nios y adolescentes [RCADS: evaluation of symptoms of anxiety and depression disorders in children and adolescents]. The story of the wonder-stone is not found in the Syriac Christian legend, but is found in Jewish Talmudic traditions about Alexander as well as in Persian traditions. Discovering Psychology provides an overview of historic and current theories of human behavior. (2006). Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's (1961) Values Orientation Theory proposes that all human societies must answer a limited number of universal problems, that the value-based solutions are limited in number and universally known, but that different cultures have different preferences among Elle va chercher dans la tte des personnages les explications psychologiques et fouille dans leurs penses intimes. Depression and learned helplessness in man. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2006.00430.x, Ferdon, C. D., and Kaslow, N. J. This theory suggests that we should both strive to increase our second language inputs and make sure we receive proper error correction in one form or another. In Christian Alexander legends written in Ethiopic (an ancient South Semitic language) between the 14th and the 16th century, Alexander the Great is always explicitly referred to using the epithet the "Two Horned." C'est mme un phnomne universel et constitutif des cultures. Puura, K., Tamminen, T., Almqvist, F., Kresanov, K., Kumpulainen, K., Moilanen, I., et al. Similarly, major depressive disorder specifies that in children the mood may be irritable rather than depressed. These guidelines are related to family interaction patterns and both may contribute to the etiology or persistence of depression in children. It also includes features which occur exclusively in the Syriac version. ": Josephus [37100 AD], in his Antiquities of the Jews xi, 8, 5 tells of a visit that Alexander is purported to have made to Jerusalem, where he met the high priest Jaddua and the assembled Jews, and was shown the book of Daniel in which it was prophesied that some one of the Greeks would overthrow the empire of Persia. [9] Ici aussi, cette voix off, indispensable la comprhension de lhistoire, fait partie intgrante de la digse. When we say something incorrectly, that too must be made clear. Psychogenic theories focus on traumatic or stressful experiences, maladaptive learned associations and cognitions, or distorted perceptions. Aust. Various scholars have used a synthesis of evidence to present models to suggest an answer to the questions that surround the Anglo-Saxon settlement. Par exemple, un migrant venant d'un pays europen s'acculture plus rapidement qu'un migrant venant d'un autre continent ou d'un pays ayant une culture trs diffrente du pays d'accueil. Vinaccia, S., Gaviria, A. M., Atehorta, L. F., Martnez, P. H., Trujillo, C., and Quiceno, J. M. (2006). The story of Dhul-Qarnayn (in Arabic , literally "The Two-Horned One"; also transliterated as Zul-Qarnain or Zulqarnain), is mentioned in the Quran. Moreover, the prevalence rates for women are ~1.53 times higher than for men. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070920, Williamson, D. E., Birmaher, B., Anderson, B. P., Al-Shabbout, M., and Ryan, N. D. (1995). This review analyzes the construct and explanatory theories of depression and offers a succinct overview of the main evaluation Etiological theories of mental illness determine the care and treatment mentally ill individuals receive. Stimulatory test of growth hormone secretion in prepuberal major depression: depressed versus normal children. Elle dchiffre les sentiments des personnages alors queux-mmes en sont incapables, et quand ils le sont, ils nosent pas exprimer leurs dsirs et aller vers la vie. Combating anxiety and depression among school children and adolescents through student counselling in Saudi Arabia. Beck, J. S., Beck, A. T., Jolly, J. It is notable that, unlike the Babylonians, Greeks, and Indians, the pre-Islamic Arabs had no scientific astronomy. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety and depression. Yet their belief in a just, all-powerful God forced Jewish interpreters of the Alexander tradition to come to terms with Alexander's undeniable temporal success. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; doi: 10.1007/BF00923138, Roberts, C., Kane, R., Bishop, B., Matthews, H., and Thomson, H. (2004). It was not until the Renaissance (13001600 AD) that the true history of Alexander III was rediscovered: Since the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC there has been no age in history, whether in the West or in the East, in which his name and exploits have not been familiar. The Laments of the Philosophers eventually gained enormous popularity in Europe:[15], [The 'Sayings of the Philosophers' are] remarks of the philosophers gathered at the tomb of Alexander, who utter a series of apophthegms on the theme of the brevity of life and the transience of human achievement a work entitled 'Sayings of the Philosophers' was first composed in Syriac in the sixth century; a longer Arabic version was composed by Hunayan Ibn Ishaq (809-973) the distinguished scholar-translator, and a still longer one by al-Mubashshir ibn Fatiq (who also wrote a book about Alexander) around 1053. 18, 393406. 94, 156158. Biobehav. Comme les philosophies historicistes des Lumires, les volutionnistes postulent l'unicit du genre humain et l'universalit du mouvement historique qui embrasserait l'humanit tout entire. Gillham, J. E. (1994). During the Middle Ages, the Gates of Alexander story was included in travel literature such as the Travels of Marco Polo (12541324 AD) and the Travels of Sir John Mandeville. In his concept of what he called operant conditioning, language learning grew out of a process of reinforcement and punishment whereby individuals are conditioned into saying the right thing. Les cheveux dj balays par le souffle de la libert, il se penche pour observer le chemin de ronde et dcouvre une sentinelle sur un vlo mal graiss qui lui permet pourtant des passages trop frquents pour laisser le temps aux prisonniers de franchir, agripps une corde tendue au-dessus du vide, la distance qui spare les deux enceintes. (2011) point out that the quality of the social environment may influence the development and activity of neural systems, which in turn have an impact on behavioral, physiological, and emotional responses. Son tude, comme le montrent Roger Bastide et Vasquez, s'est longtemps focalis sur l'analyse de certains traits culturels pris isolment, oubliant qu'une culture est un tout, un systme organis et structur o tous les lments sont interdpendants, comme lont montr les anthropologues de l'cole culture et personnalit[2]. Farrell, L. J., and Barrett, P. M. (2007). Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C., Dulcan, M. K., and Schwab-Stone, M. (2000). In such a case, depressive symptoms may manifest early in children and adolescents as epileptic syndromes, sleep disorders, chronic recurrent cephalalgias, several neurometabolic diseases, and intracranial tumors (Narbona, 2014). Behav. Pour elle, plusieurs lments plaident en faveur de l'adoption de ce nouveau concept, aidant ainsi la comprhension du changement culturel: Mais tout comme le processus d'acculturation, ce concept marque ses limites car il reste centr, notamment sur les groupes minoritaires sans envisager les transformations possibles des populations de la culture dominante qui sont confrontes, elles aussi, la diffrence de l'autre. A self-control model of depression. Bien qu'en principe les changements soient mutuels, il existe gnralement un groupe qui domine, autrement dit le groupe dominant, qui jouit d'une influence culturelle plus forte que lautre groupe; le groupe domin, souvent compos de migrants et de leurs descendants[8]. Depressive phenomenology at the outset of neuropaediatric diseases. Gender identity can correlate with a person's assigned sex or can differ from it. Psychol. [41] The findings of the philologists imply that the source of the Quran's story of Dhul-Qarnayn is the Alexander romance, a thoroughly embellished compilation of Alexander's exploits from Hellenistic and early Christian sources, which underwent numerous expansions and revisions for two-thousand years, throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages.[84]. L'horizon de la sociologie (2005). Le deuxime facteur s'intresse la dimension spatiale. doi: 10.1002/cpp.388, Greenberg, M. T., Domitrovich, C., and Bumbarger, B. Whittle, S., Lichter, R., Dennison, M., Vijayakumar, N., Schwartz, O., Byrne, M. L., et al. [1], It has long been recognised in modern scholarship that the story of Dhul-Qarnayn has strong similarities with the Syriac Legend of Alexander the Great. Proc. MG designed the study and wrote the protocol. (2005) indicate that there is a great debate about the safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in childhood. Obviously these theories dont touch too much on the practical, everyday level of language learning. Although universal programs may be more appropriate due to their broad scope of application, the results are inconclusive and fail to demonstrate any solid long-term efficacy. Dimensions of personality pathology: an alternative to the five-factor model. (2018). Beck, A. T. (1967). Were not kids anymore and we never will be again. Psicol. The Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale: assessment of its evaluative properties over the course of an 8-week pediatric pharmacotherapy trial. Early mother-infant reciprocity. areas of particular interest to us). New York, NY: Hoeber. This site was conceived as an introduction to some of the basic approaches that cultural anthropologists have pursued The popularity of the legend of Alexander the Great proves that these cultures share a history which suggests that perhaps they are not so different after all.[84].
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