As the topic is divided into separate parts, it leads to the formation of new ideas and even new questions! residual = 3.05) were not statistically significant for B-DEFS components alone (step 1) but were significant after adding verbal and non-verbal IQ (step 2). New DSM-5 criteria for ADHD Does it matter? Assumptions were met for all models, after removing three outlying cases from the first model. Palladino describes a boy who struggled with the linear method of learning: He was a boy who learned only by doing. Shift your narrative from weakness to strength. 1 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Lateral thinking is an indirect process that combines convergent and . PLoS One 2020: 15: e0239257, Bozhilova S et al. Divergent thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. There is evidence that, because the primary characteristics of ADHD are distributed in the population, ADHD is best conceptualized as the extreme end of a dimension (as opposed to categorical; e.g., Lubke et al., 2009; Heidbreder, 2015; Brown and Casey, 2016). Academic adjustment (e.g., the ability to cope with the challenges of college life) and study habits and skills (e.g., completing assigned class readings) have also been negatively predicted by self-reported characteristics of ADHD in a general student population (Norwalk et al., 2009). All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Convergent thinking, on the other hand, is the ability to apply rules to arrive at a single 'correct' solution to a problem such as the answer . The aim of the current study was to understand the link between ADHD and creativity using a systematic review. Gifted children with ADHD often face unique challenges. Most literature about neurodiverse children tells parents how to help their kids thrive. However, whereas B-DEFS time was a positive predictor, and B-DEFS motivation a negative predictor, in the final model for TTCT-Figural originality scores, verbal IQ was the only significant predictor in the final model for TTCT-Elaboration scores. The present study compared adults with and without ADHD on convergent thinking, divergent thinking, and inhibitory control tasks. Biederman J., Petty C. R., Fried R., Black S., Faneuil A., Doyle A. E., et al. Hypothesis 2, which suggested that executive functioning difficulties would positivelyand GPA would negativelypredict divergent thinking, was not supported for models predicting figural or verbal TTCT scores. Subclinical symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with specific creative processes. But pause that narrative and take an objective look at yourself. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This is consistent with evidence that different modalities of divergent thinking draw on different abilities and skills (Clapham, 2011; Barbot, 2018). Certainly DT does not guarantee actual creative achievement, but tests of DT are reliable and reasonably valid predictors of certain performance criteria. As an adult he would recall: My father thought I was stupid and I almost decided I must be a dunce. The core of his learning was his passion for experiments. Learn more Inclusion criteria included: a design that was empirical or quantitative; a behavioural performance measure that involved a creative process or achievement; reported on human subjects; included subjects with an ADHD diagnosis based on assessments made by a professional or including subjects with information about ADHD symptoms using a questionnaire or interview If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Is an "ADHD-Blind" Relationship Desirable? Convergent thinking is the process of finding a single answer in a straightforward, logical manner. In brief, the authors suggested that a focused research agenda would improve understanding of the link between ADHD and creativity. Guan Lim C et al. Maybe you can incorporate more meetings or collaboration into your role. He would get taken back to his class but then the poor behaviour escalated. Although the ASRS dimensions (i.e., inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive) did not significantly predict any TTCT-Verbal scores alone, models were significant after adding IQ, with both verbal IQ and the hyperactive/impulsive dimension of the ASRS positively predicting all three scores. Divergent thinking, often referred to as lateral thinking, is the process of creating multiple, unique ideas or solutions to a problem that you are trying to solve. Results for models predicting component scores on the TTCT-Figural were also broadly similar whether ADHD characteristics were measured using the B-DEFS or the ASRS in most cases. (2009). Big Picture vs. A., Jarrett M. A., Luebbe A. M., et al. As for why exactly her subjects with ADHD showed such marked differences in their creative abilities and their approaches to creative problem solving, White zeroes in on the question of inhibition. Dpfner M. J Atten Disord 2020; Epub ahead of print, Dobrosavljevic M et al. A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan. These five quick and simple tips will help you move towards divergent thinking in the classroom. The other measure White used that differs from most past studies is called the FourSight Thinking Profile, developed by Gerard Puccio in 2002. CREATIVITY TESTS ; INHIBITION ; Divergent thinking is a way of thinking of ideas, with ideas spinning off those ideas. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a deviation from the norm, making it non-neurotypical. AZ managed the data collection. The models for TTCT-Figural originality (for which two outlying cases were removed: std. Thus, for example, it asks the extent to which subjects "enjoy taking the necessary steps to put my ideas into actions.". Divergent thinking . Silverstein M. J., Faraone S. V., Leon T. L., Biederman J., Spencer T. J., Adler L. A. She found no difference between her groups for the Implementer. Adler L. A., Spencer T., Faraone S. V., Kessler R. C., Howes M. J., Biederman J., et al. The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. We would like to thank Connie Syharat for her significant contribution to data collection. The average quality rating was calculated to be 0.5 (limited quality research). (2020b) using different methods, such as the negative relationship between executive functioning difficulties and engineering GPA. In her book, The Edison Trait: Saving the Spirit of Your Non-conforming Child (1997), clinical psychologist, researcher and author, Lucy Jo Palladino 4 examines the elements of divergent thinkers. Please subscribe to my channel: http://bit.ly/spencervideosImagine you have a problem you need to solve and you're looking for innovative solutions. At age six, he had to see how fire worked and accidentally burned his fathers barn to the ground. Stimulants may Impair Creativity in Healthy People. Additionally, hyperactive/impulsive ADHD characteristics were associated with greater verbal divergent thinking, whereas select executive functioning difficulties (primarily reflecting inattentive characteristics) were associated with greater figural divergent thinking originality. White and her colleagues wanted to address exactly that in their new research: Does ADHD really have the holy grail of upsides? Data for one student who did not complete the IQ test were excluded from analyses involving IQ scores. The Her ADHD subjects were particularly masterful when the talent in question involved a lack of inhibition. Divergent thinking takes place in a free-flowing manner and is spontaneous, which results in multiple possible solutions in short amount of time. In this . The dictionary defines it as tending to be different or develop in different directions.1 This can be said to be true for people with ADHD. Thus, to better understand the relationship between ADHD characteristics and executive functioning difficulties, divergent thinking, and academic performance, the current study presents a conceptual replication of Taylor et al. Grounded in neuroscience, the term 'neurodiversity' refers to the differences in the human brain wiring which are shaped by genetic and environmental factors. Three scores may be computed according to the testing manual: a general composite IQ score, a verbal IQ score, based on scores for the verbal knowledge and riddles subtests, and a non-verbal IQ score, based on the score for the matrices subtest. The performing arts in particular were their forte. [13] Assign students to keep a journal and ask them thought-provoking questions. People with ADHD tend to be effective in producing new ideas while people without ADHD are better able to clarify and expand on ideas. A Definition of Divergent Thinking. This thinking style is non-binary and more explorative in nature. Academic and occupational performance: a quantitative synthesis. Paek SH, Abdulla AM, Cramond B. However, undergraduate engineering GPA is a poor predictor of later success in the field of engineering (Samson et al., 1984; Bretz, 1989), for which divergent thinking and related abilities are key (National Academy of Engineering, 2005; Cropley, 2015; Brunhaver et al., 2017; Passow and Passow, 2017). Details. If you feel like you are always behind, then slowing down seems impossible. Thus, raters scores were averaged to create total dimension scores for each participant. This may explain why increased divergent thinking is not consistently observed in ADHD. (2017). Discover short videos related to divergent thinking on TikTok. Both authors contributed to manuscript revision and read and approved the submitted version. However, the meta-analysis was not aimed specifically at the link between ADHD and creativity; therefore, the authors believe that the design of the study was suboptimal for researching this link. The term divergent thinking was first coined by J.P. Guilford in 1956. According to the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, 4-6% of American adults live with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) . ADHD in which children demonstrate a high level of physical activity and do not do a good job of thinking before they act is ADHD with ___ . Behavior is not intentional.". The case for the development and use of ecologically valid measures of executive function in experimental and clinical neuropsychology. residual = 4.32), titles, and resistance to closure were not statistically significant for ASRS components (step 1) or after adding verbal and non-verbal IQ (step 2). Home ADHD DIVERGENT THINKING. She also describes the qualities of a creative mind: A child with the Edison trait makes sudden, astonishing connections. Honesty in Your Relationship Isn't Always the Best Policy, Kids Who Read Out Loud to a Dog See Improved Literacy, What to Do When Eating Disorders and Obesity Coexist, 4 Lessons Learned from Long-Term Grieving. Willcutt E. G., Doyle A. E., Nigg J. T., Faraone S. V., Pennington B. F. (2005). Stavro G. M., Ettenhofer M. L., Nigg J. T. (2007). Their ability to be a divergent thinker diminished with age or, as Sir Ken espouses, as they were educated. In a 2009 study by Martha Farah, Adderall was shown improve convergent thinking but not divergent thinking in healthy individuals. 1 https://www.lexico.com/definition/divergent, 2 https://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckswoboda/2020/08/03/why-thinking-outside-the-box-is-the-wrong-way-to-approach-innovation/?sh=e1ed546461bb, 3 https://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_changing_education_paradigms, 5 https://www.additudemag.com/adhd-entrepreneur-stories-jetblue-kinkos-jupitermedia/. Convergent thinking can refer to the . A., Weyandt L. L., Marraccini M. E., Oster D. R. (2017). Because adults with ADHD have decits in inhibition (e.g., Nigg, 2000; White & Marks, 2004), these individuals were expected to be more creative than non-ADHD on tasks of divergent thinking, but less creative than . Third, the amount of variance explained by some of the models predicting components of divergent thinking is rather small, despite being statistically significant. Several multiple regression models were tested to conceptually replicate those of Taylor et al. Chaos. about navigating our updated article layout. "Understand how the ADHD brain is wired. There were no case-controlled studies of children with a formal diagnosis of ADHD using creative ability or achievement measures identified by the authors in their systematic search. If these scales are measuring the same underlying phenomenon, results for both scales should be broadly similar. Unfortunately for divergent thinking children, their wonderfully imaginative, creative and divergent mind, is one of their most misunderstood inherent characteristics. There were 22 studies that investigated divergent thinking (ability to generate a number of alternative options to a single open-ended problem): nine of the studies were case-controlled and involved children with a formal ADHD diagnosis. The tasks were based on a stimulus set of 20 meaningful four-character words. J Adol Health 2020; 67: 769-777, Kim JH et al. The relationship between ADHD and executive functioning difficulties, academic outcomes, and divergent thinking has only previously been examined together in one study. Judy Singer, a sociologist who has autism, started using the term "neurodiversity" in the late 1990s. 10 10 Sources By Lisa Jo Rudy These findings suggest that college students with ADHD and related characteristics may struggle academically, while their potential strengths remain overlooked in traditional academic programs. DIVERGENT THINKING. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the For example, controlling for all other components, affect (i.e., problems regulating ones mood and motivation) predicted fluency, whereas activation (i.e., problems with volition, organization, and prioritizing) predicted originality, on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT)-Figural. In the studies that investigated divergent thinking in adults with ADHD the overall results were mixed, three of the studies noted adults with ADHD performed higher at the divergent thinking tasks than adults without ADHD. To see multiple answers, not one.. (2017). Understanding both the challenges and strengths of students with ADHD characteristics and executive functioning difficulties is necessary to create a more holistic view of learners and provide insights into how we can best support students that may not fit into the standard definition of normal cognitive functioning. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivityimpulsivity that impacts ones daily life (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; World Health Organization, 2022). Systematic searches were conducted on 5 December 2019 using PubMed and Web of ScienceTM, the search query was restricted to studies published in English and journal articles only. Diagnostic inflation in the DSM: a meta-analysis of changes in the stringency of psychiatric diagnosis from DSM-III to DSM-5. Uninhibited imaginations: creativity in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. (2020b), scores on the TTCT-Figural positively predicted GPA along with non-verbal IQ. 1Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Universit catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States. Second, laboratory tests of executive functions may be contaminated by non-executive functioning cognitive processes or general cognitive ability (Burgess et al., 2006; Biederman et al., 2008). Divergent thinking is the process of creating many solutions to one problem. The ability to think divergently has been associated with different cognitive processes, including intuitive and rational thinking styles. What does the word divergent mean? Tap into that and the other traits that make you . The Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (B-DEFS; Barkley, 2011) explicitly focuses on items developed from the executive functioning theory of ADHD, which suggests that characteristics of ADHD arise from impaired executive functioning (Barkley, 1997; Brown, 2006; Antshel et al., 2014). Understanding the importance of graduate admissions criteria according to prospective graduate students. Divergent thinking poses a question that generates ideas, some of which may be novel. Although it has been frequently suggested that the relationship between ADHD characteristics and divergent thinking may be strengthened by accounting for IQ (e.g., Boot et al., 2017; Taylor et al., 2020a), IQ has rarely been assessed in studies examining this relationship (though see Taylor and Zaghi, 2021). In it, subjects are asked highly specific questions about their past achievements in 10 creative domains, including drama, humor, science, writing, and cooking, among others. Another four of the studies included children who did not have a formal ADHD diagnosis; one study measured how many individuals in a group of children with ADHD scored above the 90th percentile on the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking. A clinical diagnosis of ADHD in adults is based on their experience of a set of characteristics (i.e., symptoms) from the inattentive dimension, characterized by difficulties with sustaining attention (e.g., being easily distracted or not completing tasks), and/or hyperactiveimpulsive dimension, characterized by difficulties with inhibiting behaviors (e.g., interrupting others or not being able to remain still). Fifth, intelligence (IQ), which has been suggested to affect the relationship between ADHD and divergent thinking ability, was not measured. Barkley R. A., Murphy K., Kwasnik D. (1996). The population-based studies also had mixed results, one of the studies showed that impulsivity or hyperactive symptoms were related with better fluency performance (based on teacher-ratings). Zabelina D. L., Condon D., Beeman M. (2014). This ability is supported by four processes: (1) fluency, quickly generating ideas, (2) flexibility, generating diverse ideas, (3) originality, generating unique ideas, and (4) elaboration, developing ideas. Please read our privacy notice for more information on the cookies we use and how to delete or block the use of cookies. Scoring divergent thinking tests: a review and systematic framework. Not surprisingly, given the strength of the correlations between fluency, originality, and flexibility on the TTCT-Verbal, results for models predicting these scores using the same predictors were nearly identical. Nine items on the scale reflect the inattentive dimension of ADHD, such as forgetting appointments and obligations, and nine items reflect the hyperactive/impulsive dimension, such as interrupting when others are speaking. Based on the results of Taylor et al. Third, laboratory tests are typically conducted to assess a narrow set of executive functions, which provide little insight into how the daily behavioral manifestations of executive functioning ability relate to functional outcomes. Divergent and convergent thinking, and the standardized tests that measure them, are well-suited to a laboratory setting; how well they translate to the real world is another matter. Of 220 students who participated, 20 withdrew from the study and one was discovered to not be eligible for participation (i.e., was under the age of 18), resulting in a final sample of 199 participants (56.3% men and 43.7% women). Self-reported executive functioning difficulties are also associated with functional outcomes in those that do not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of ADHD (Brown and Casey, 2016; Vlez-Pastrana et al., 2016; Dehili et al., 2017; Kamradt et al., 2019), suggesting that the characteristics of ADHD and executive functioning difficulties may impact the daily life of many more individuals. He goes on to describe a longitudinal study that explored the brains of young people as they matured. The present study compared adults with and without ADHD on convergent thinking, divergent thinking, and inhibitory control tasks. Written by Beverley Nolker, Education Development Officer for Psychiatry-UK and the HLP.U Clinics. Recent studies show that individuals with ADHD have a higher likelihood of thinking much more creatively than those without. Characteristics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and executive functioning difficulties have been found to correspond with poorer academic outcomes on the one hand and enhanced divergent thinking on the other hand. Taylor C. L., Zaghi A. E., Kaufman J. C., Reis S. M., Renzulli J. S. (2020a). Interestingly, White said she also noticed a distinctive pattern, one not included in the study: ADHD subjects were more likely to excel at certain creative domains than at others. But slowing down is, in fact, essential for the ADHD brain. The model for TTCT-Figural elaboration was not statistically significant for ASRS components alone (step 1) but was significant after adding verbal and non-verbal IQ (step 2). What is Divergent Thinking? Divergent thinking is the ability to generate spontaneous, often unexpected ideas or solutions, and test questions calculate originality, elaboration, and flexibility. Therefore, this study supports some of the conclusions of Taylor et al. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7: 955-970, Anand NS et al. What Does It Mean to Be Neurodivergent? FOIA Healey D. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and creativity: ever the twain shall meet? This improvement may aid in the treatment and coping mechanisms for ADHD, increase quality of life for the individuals with ADHD and reduce stigmatisation. Results and coefficients for all models are shown in Table 3. (2016). College students with ADHD: current status and future directions. This questionnairewhich, like the CAQ, depends on self-reporting by the subjects its administered tois designed to explore preference for each phase of creative problem solving. The measure conceptualizes creative problem solving in four phases: clarificationlets look at this problem, as White puts it; brainstorming; developing and refining of ideas; and implementing the arrived-at solutions. In contrast, participants showed a significant decline in divergent thinking across non-drug conditions. Most of the debated approaches are unsupervised machine learning approaches and researchers. The Creative Advantage of ADHD in the Workplace. Engineering GPA was significantly, positively predicted by TTCT-Figural scores and non-verbal IQ and negatively predicted by B-DEFS scores. (2020b) were partially consistent with hypotheses derived from the results of that study. There were 14 different instruments used to measure creativity and not all of them measured the same constructs. Emilys son is a prime example of No Box Thinking. This RSA Animate was adapted from a talk given at the RSA by Sir Ken Robinson, world-renowned education and creativity expert and recipient of the RSA's Benj. A., Buitelaar J. K. (2005). Our hypotheses that controlling for IQ would strengthen the relationship between divergent thinking and executive functioning difficulties (Hypothesis 3) or ADHD characteristics measured by the ASRS (Hypothesis 4) were not supported. . Lauren Ascher is an ADHD and Executive Function Coach and Masters Candidate in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. Because adults with ADHD have deficits in inhibition (e.g., Nigg, 2000, White and Marks, 2004), these individuals were expected to be more creative than non-ADHD on tasks of divergent thinking, but less creative than . First, adults with ADHD who have a high intelligence quotient (IQ) may not demonstrate impairments on laboratory tests of executive functioning (Biederman et al., 2008; Milioni et al., 2017). 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