grounded theory methodology: an overview

In many of the research methodologies, the researcher creates a research problem and investigates with a prevailing theoretical framework in mind. Pick a research area, topic, or population of interest, and form one or more research questions about it. The grounded theory analysis approach to qualitative data Grounded theory is also related to qualitative research. Strauss, A. L. and Corbin, J. M. Basics of qualitative research 1998 - Sage Publications - Thousand Oaks. Look for the words HTML or . This involves the researcher moving in and out of the data collection and analysis process. Grounded Theory Approach The digital interface will help you manage large data sets and keep track of the many comparisons you will do. You will recruit some participants, gather data and analyse it, and go back into the field again with a different recruiting strategy and focus of inquiry. As you gradually develop a list of codes that bring together sets of excerpts, you should also begin to also compare codes with other codes. Because the recruiting is not predefined, it can be challenging to continuously find the right participants for your study. Review related theories and research and figure out how your new theory fits within it. In 1960s, they made a research for medical personnel to deal with an imminent death of the patient's field observation in a hospital, and then discovered and developed the grounded theory. Research design overview integrating kaupapa Mori methodology with constructivist grounded theory. When practicing this popular social science method, a researcher begins with a set of data, either quantitative or qualitative, then identifies patterns, trends, and relationships among the data. | Benefits | Limitations | History |Steps for grounded theory | Tools for grounded theory coding | Grounded theory software | Start free trial. Handbook of qualitative research}, pp.273 - 285. "Grounded theory refers to a set of systematic inductive methods for conducting qualitative research aimed toward theory development. 3. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(5), 969. (1990). An approach that is often overused, it is a valuable way of approaching qualitative research when you aren't sure what questions to ask. Grounded theory aims to formulate, test and reformulate prepositions until a theory is developed. If you decide to use a word processor such as Microsoft Word or Google Docs, do your open coding round by highlighting excerpts. methodology consists of two main processes. Grounded theory is an inductive methodology that systematically collects and analyses data in order to generate theory about patterns of human behaviour in social contexts. (2020, August 27). While grounded theory is inherently flexible, it is a complex methodology. This approach refers to theory that is grounded in or developed inductively from a set of data[1]. Instead, you allow the data you collect to guide your analysis and theory creation, leading to novel discoveries. This is in contrast to other research approaches that rely more heavily on external research frameworks or theories that are further removed from the data. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. For example, once you establish the category that people under COVID-19 lockdown were [Reacting negatively to the pandemic with anxiety], you dont need to go back and code every single excerpt that refers to that category. For example, in the previous step, we had a code called trouble sleeping. I used it for my doctoral research and it helped me to organize my interview information into codes and categories. David S. Online software such as Delve can help streamline how youre coding your qualitative coding. You can use a code to encapsulate these groups of excerpts. Grounded theory begins with an inductive method and relies on comparative inquiry to analyse data and to formulate new theories and concepts. The grounded theory method (GTM) symbolize a extensively functional and accepted method .At the same time, theoretical and conceptual matter of grounded theory method are continuing theme to discussion .This paper brief the overview of GT method by exploring the important aspects of the grounded theory method i-e establishment of Grounded Theory, School of thought of Grounded theory , Nature . Grounded theory is a general methodology for developing theory that is grounded in data systematically gathered and analyzed. Once you have determined your core category through selective coding, and are confident that you have reached theoretical saturation, it is time to construct your new theory.Gather together your coded data, and series of memos and use them to describe your new theory. Grounded theory is a research methodology that results in the production of a theory that explains patterns in data, and that predicts what social scientists might expect to find in similar data sets. 01 Jan 1994-About: The article was published on 1994-01-01 and is currently open access. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Grounded Theory Method (GTM) This chapter: explains how grounded theory method (GTM) started in 1967 explains the key characteristics of GTM discusses how GTM has evolved into several strands discusses different coding procedures used in GTM discusses how various myths have evolved surrounding the use of GTM. The next steps are done by organizing those papers into piles, as you create your codes and categories. Anselm L. Strauss, Juliet M. Corbin. Appropriate application of this methodology in your dissertation is most likely to gain you high marks. 3. GT can be used to guide the entire study method, or it can be applied at the data analysis stage only. An inductive methodology, grounded theory methodology comprises the following four stages: If you decide to apply grounded theory methodology in your dissertation, you have to decide how to select cases for your research. Construction organisations rely on the knowledge of their employees to. John Dudovskiy. We will assume here that readers either are acquainted with some of those writings or, if sufficiently interested in this chapter, will turn to those sources. Citation. Definition and Overview of Grounded Theory. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Practical Guide to Grounded Theory Research. With these principles in mind, a researcher can construct a grounded theory in eight basic steps. op a grounded theory. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. There are pros and cons to each approach, and you should choose one based off what is most appropriate for your research. Crossman, Ashley. Grounded theory is a research tool which enables you to seek out and conceptualise the latent social patterns and structures of Grounded theory sets out to discover or construct theory from data, systematically obtained and analysed using comparative analysis. Grounded theory remains one of the most popular qualitative methodological frameworks used by researchers today. Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Notice similarities and differences between excerpts. You can use Delve to help keep track of your excerpts and codes, and organize your thoughts as you do constant comparisons. Write an accurate statement of what was studied, and construct your theory in a form that other researchers can use. After a brief introduction which suggests those works which are essential reading for newcomers to the field, the list is organized into two parts: the first part lists citations related to the approach in Information Systems, the second . Discover the real world of business for best practices and professional success. Constructing Grounded Theory: A practical guide through Qualitative Analysis. Theoretical saturation is reached when data collection can no longer find new properties relevant to a category. Additional features such as demographic filters and the ability to search across transcripts can also help streamline your grounded theory process. Sign up for a free trial and experience all SAGE Knowledge has to offer. You can do your grounded theory coding by hand, using word processors and spreadsheets such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel, or use Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software such as Delve. Even though there is no single approach to grounded theory (GT), and the methodology has undergone many changes since it was first introduced by Glaser and Strauss in 1967 (Cho & Lee, 2014; Easterby-Smith et al., 2002), it has become the leading qualitative approach across various disciplines (Bryant & Charmaz, 2007, as citied in Walsh et al., 2015). SAGE Knowledge. Researchers collect data through any means they prefer and then analyze the facts to arrive at concepts. Grounded theory methodology is time consuming and difficult to conduct. It is suggested that Antonovskys Sense of Coherence Concept may be relevant when considering the restructuring of illness meaning, and that constructing coherence between experience, expression, and past and new illness meanings, may be significant for patients recovery. In Fieldwork, edited by Pole, Christopher, IV22, SAGE Benchmarks in Social Research Methods. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. When you find connections between multiple codes, you can group them together into a category. Read more about constant comparative method here. The importance of symbolic interaction in grounded theory research on women's health. Other aspects covered include data collection and data analysis, general steps, and ethical issues in grounded theory. Strauss, Anselm, and Juliet Corbin. Since then, various evolutions of grounded to theory emerged, including Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques (1990) by Strauss and Corbin. The results provide insight for occupational health nurses about the issues faced by older workers with chronic disease, a starting point for planning future interventions with this potentially vulnerable population. My e-book,The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: a step by step assistanceoffers practical assistance to complete a dissertation with minimum or no stress. Explore research monographs, classroom texts, and professional development titles. The methodology involves the construction of hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data. Reflect on your analytical thoughts and write them down in the form of memos. As you make comparisons between your new excerpts to your codes and categories, your excerpts will generally do one of three things: contradict, expand upon, or support your existing codes and categories. Grounded theory methodology: an overview In: Pole, Christopher (Ed. With selective coding, you connect all your codes and categories together under one core category. Grounded theory was first proposed by Glaser and Strauss ( Glaser and Strauss, 1967 ), who described a qualitative research method that seeks to develop theory that is "grounded in data systematically gathered and analyzed" ( Myers, 2013 ). Grounded theory methodology: an overview. 3. It can also be used if there is an existing theory, but it is potentially incomplete as the data used to derive that theory wasnt collected from the group of participants that you plan on researching. Our Staff; Services. For example, in a study about the COVID-19 lockdown in New York City, you may read an excerpt that describes a person having trouble sleeping. https://delvetool.com/groundedtheory, qualitative data analysis software like Delve. Collect data using a scientific method. Submit your email to request our free grounded theory guide with tips on how to get started with your own thematic analysis. Make your life easier while doing grounded theory by using grounded theory software like Delve. Grounded Theory (GT) was first developed by Sociologist Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss. The Grounded Theory Approach involves constant comparative analysis or what has come to be called the Constant Comparative Method. TLDR. The focus of this research is how a whole school revitalisation process impacted on the professional community, professional learnings and. What is grounded theory? Read more about constant comparative method here. (grounded theory). This core category represents the central thesis of your research, and is the core idea behind your theory. using grounded theory software like Delve. London: SAGE Publications Ltd; 2005:IV22-IV22. The inductive, comparative analytic process and the iterative conceptualisation characteristic of constructivist grounded theory all enabled discovering and theorising the processes Mori women used to construct their social and cultural realities. Home. In C. Pole (Ed. Once you have some data, such as recordings from in depth interviews, prepare that data for analysis by turning them into transcripts. Read more about how to handle contradictions in our article on negative case analysis. Health Care for Women International, 2001;22:11-27. "Grounded Theory Methodology: An Overview." Software such as the Delve qualitative data analysis software are designed to support processes like grounded theory. Crossman, Ashley. Once you feel you have reached theoretical saturation in your codes and categories so far, it is time to pull your findings together with selective coding. 4. Therefore, research problem can be studied in a great level of depth. Grounded theory can be seen as a methodological spiral that begins with Glaser and Strauss ' original text and continues today. This core category will be the basis for your new grounded theory. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, eds. An Overview of Research Methodology in Information System (IS) Mohamed Al Kilani, Volodymyr Kobziev Open Access Library Journal Vol.3 No.11 , November 4, 2016 The effects of the transition into an onlineonly format, necessitated by the current Covid19 pandemic, demonstrates presence of PIF in undergraduate sonoanatomy teaching, and cautions against the uncritical online only substitution of handson learning environments. After you have collected some data, such as transcriptions from interviews*, you can begin open coding. The specialty in this theory is that the theory emerges from within the data. The purpose of grounded theory is to discover or generate a new theory. Discover the real world of business for best practices and professional success. Fieldwork, SAGE Benchmarks in Social Research Methods, London: SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. Think of memos as your notes to self to record your train of thought, and to keep a record of your reflections. While grounded theory is inherently flexible, it is a complex methodology. Even after you have created lists of codes, and grouped codes into categories, you should continue to analyze additional interview transcripts, and compare the new excerpts to your existing codes categories. Explore research monographs, classroom texts, and professional development titles. Author: HelenN . 2. In: Christopher Pole Editor, 2005. Crossman, Ashley. Grounded theory (GT) is an established qualitative research method, but few papers have encapsulated the benefits, limits, and basic tenets of doing GT research on user and provider experiences of health care services. The findings provide important insights that could enable health care professionals to develop more of an emphasis on including disclosure as an issue when talking to patients about managing type 1 diabetes and epilepsy and this is also relevant to a broad spectrum of long-term conditions. 2. In this paper, we used grounded theory to study the evolution and the development process of network group events under the micro-blog platform . We've updated our Privacy Policy, which will go in to effect on September 1, 2022. Codes and categories are constantly evolving during the grounded theory analysis process. Qualitative studies at this time were following traditional methods which basically involved coming up with a hypothesis and conducting research to validate it. Conduct more research to gather more data for the selected codes as needed. Finally, the strengths and limitations of this method of inquiry as applied to nursing research using a brief case study approach is presented. During this period, they criticized the predominant approach to qualitative research, which they found to be very limited. Grounded theory methodology: An overview. With grounded theory, you want to continue until you reach the point where additional transcript excerpts do not expand upon your codes and categories. racing the History of Grounded Theory Methodology: From Formation to Fragmentation 2014 - The Qualitative Report. Learn more about grounded theory on Delves YouTube Channel. Grounded theory method (GT) is a systematic methodology in the social sciences involving the discovery of theory through the analysis of data. The focus of your study is on a phenomenon about which very little is known. Crooks DL. With these iterative steps, when do you know that you have analyzed enough? This approach is typically used when a particular phenomenon is not well. 3. Accordingly, in this type of research the purpose of sampling is to continue theoretical inquiry until theoretical saturation is reached, rather than to ensure representativeness of samples. and Vannaeds, S.L.Y., Eds., Handbook of Qualitative Research, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, 22-23. . Instead of pre-determining a specified recruiting criteria ahead of time, you will practice what is called theoretical sampling. There are also many iterations of . For example, suppose you were comparing these excerpts: I just kept watching the news, even late into the night. The theories you develop using grounded theory are derived directly from real world participants in real world settings using methods like in depth interviews and observation, so your findings will more accurately represent the real world. https://www.thoughtco.com/grounded-theory-definition-3026561 (accessed November 3, 2022). According to the Grounded Theory Institute, Grounded Theory is appropriate when: 1. Grounded theory is best applied when research teams come into a problem with uncertainty about the full landscape and situation. with the core category. Compare different excerpts from the same person, Compare similar excerpts that occur between different people, Compare different peoples experiences within similar excerpts, Compare excerpts as they differ from one day to the next. This shifted from the concept of the natural emergence of theory by designing an analytical coding framework for generating theories from data systematically. Research Question Examples of qualitative research questions: Start your research with authoritative encyclopedias and handbooks in the social and behavioral sciences. Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. Constructing Grounded Theory: A practical guide through Qualitative Analysis. Administrators and Non-Institutional Users: Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Iterative data collection and analysis occurs until you reach theoretical saturation, the point at which additional data adds no additional insight into your new theory. And dont just take our word for it. Thus, novice researchers strive to understand the discourse and the practical application of grounded theory concepts and processes. Within the literature, there have been a number of discussions focusing on the differences between Glaser's (1978, 1992) and Strauss's (1987, 1990) versions of grounded theory. Look for the words HTML. Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). Researcher values enhance/shape the study. Rather than beginning with a hypothesis, the first step is data . Grounded Theory Grounded theory is an inductive methodology that provides systematic guidelines for gathering, synthesizing, analyzing, and conceptualizing qualitative data for the purpose of theory construction. (1994) Grounded Theory MethodologyAn Overview. grounded theory methods. *For the purpose of this article we will refer to collected data as interview transcripts and transcript excerpts, but you can use any type of qualitative data such as observations, notes, etc. Grounded Theory, Advantages, Constructivist Grounded Theory . IV22 Available at: [Accessed 3 Nov 2022]. types of coding in grounded theory. (To learn more, see Glaser and Strauss's 1967 book,The Discovery of Grounded Theory.). Grounded Theory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Grounded Theory vs. With grounded theory, recruiting participants is iterative. Then youll incorporate those findings into further rounds of analysis. Grounded theory is a process of developing a theoretical explanation for something based on collecting and analyzing data. PDF. Thus, grounded theory avoids preconceived assumptions, offering a more neutral view of understanding human action in a social context (Simmons, 2006). The concept of grounded theory is from the Glaser and Strauss' research in 1967. Grounded Theory methodology: An overview, In: Handbook of Qualitative Research (Denzin, N., K. and Lincoln, Y.,S., Eds.). While grounded theory is inherently flexible, it is a complex methodology. We present an overview of the methods used by practitioners of the key approaches. Sage Publications, London, 1-18. Read more about how to handle contradictions in our article on negative case analysis. Book. What is Grounded Theory? Because grounded theory primarily relies on collected data to determine the final outcome, the findings are tightly connected to that data. [1] Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. SAGE Books. Start off with your initial research questions. The result is methodological confusion and an often unconscious remodelling of the original methodology (Glaser, 2003). This is an overview of how you can approach the process of grounded theory. Just print out your transcripts, and do open coding by cutting up the transcripts into individual excerpts. Unlike traditional hypothesis-deductive approaches of research, where you come up with a hypothesis and then try to prove/disprove it, grounded theory is an inductive approach where new theories are derived from the data. You can then code by adding comments to those excerpts. Results indicate that the young online leaders do not adhere to adult leadership styles of contributing many ideas, sticking to task, and using powerful language, while indicating that these concepts themselves may change through contact with the next generation. Glaser and Strauss pioneered a new methodology for discovering theory by taking an inductive approach to qualitative research. You should consider using grounded theory when there is no existing theory that offers an explanation for a phenomenon that you are studying. Take notice of any similarities or differences between those experiences. Grounded theory offers the researcher the benefit of approaching a study without predetermined ideas of what he/she will find in relation to the social phenomena under investigation. In: Norman, K.D. State your new theory in just a couple words or sentences, Define the limits or boundary of your theory, Summarize and write a description of your theory, Use your coded data to validate the points you suggest in your theory. In-text . This methodology offers a systematic and rigorous process of data collection and data analysis. With theoretical sampling, you start with recruiting a small group of participants loosely based on your initial research questions. (1994). The act of writing memos can be a great way to reflect on any contradictions you find in the data. As the categories emerge, pull together all the data from those categories and compare them. Strauss, Anselm, and Juliet Corbin (2005). 3 Nov 2022, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446261637.n61. Theory evolves during actual research, and it does this through continuous interplay between analysis and data collection. (2005). An Investigation in the Time Estimation of Sound, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. While grounded theory is a very open ended methodology, the analysis strategies enable you to stay structured and analytical in your discovery process. Origins of Grounded Theory . | When should you use grounded theory? It is a procedure related to conceptualization of data. Grounded theory is a general research method for behavioral science developed by the sociologists Barney Glaser (b. This provides a great buffer against confirming preconceived beliefs about your topic. To create category, copy and paste excerpts into different documents labeled by the category name. By: . The findings provide important insights that could enable health care professionals to develop more of an emphasis on including disclosure as an issue when talking to patients about managing type 1 diabetes and epilepsy and this is also relevant to a broad spectrum of long-term conditions. In particular we clarify which research questions are appropriate for a grounded theory study and give an overview of the main techniques and procedures, such as the coding procedures, theoretical sensitivity, theoretical sampling, and theoretical saturation. Involvement of probable relationships is seen in grounded theory which is directly emerged from data analysis. Home; About. The recruiting criteria also evolves and changes based on what you learn. And found myself having a harder and harder time falling asleep, Definitely was experiencing insomnia for a while, I was so worried. Emerging Issues in Knowledge Management for Irish Construction Organisations: A The data collection and analysis is reciprocal and informs these processes through an emergent iterative proce ss. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2005, pp. Codes are like tags or labels that are assigned to excerpts of text. This video is a conversation starter about Grounded. Discussions on the strengths and limitations of grounded theory, as well as evaluation aspects, are found in the last part of this paper. you can save clips, playlists and searches, Navigating away from this page will delete your results. Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display. You can use simple tools like pen, paper, scissors, and highlighters to code by hand. This back and forth movement between data collection and analysis is sometimes called an 'iteration.' It emphasized going back to the field even after conducting some analysis. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2005. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446261637.n61. 4. 1930) (trained in quantitative sociology by Paul Lazarsfeld) and Anselm Strauss (1916-1996) (trained in symbolic interactionism by Herbert Blumer).The successful collaboration of Glaser and Strauss in research on dying in hospitals evolved into the "constant comparative method . [Abstract]: What is at the heart of whole school change? Through a comparison of these concepts, they plan theories. Grounded theory method is a research method which operates almost in a reverse fashion from traditional social science research. 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Theory emerges from within the data you collect data, analyze it, and as you learn from analysis, Theoretical framework in mind '' result__type '' > how is it done relatively! A hypothesis, the grounded theory methodology: an overview | ScienceDirect grounded, london: SAGE Publications Ltd ; 2005: IV22-IV22 if you have some data, such transcriptions Methods for Business Students 6th edition, Pearson Education Limited can then code by adding comments to those excerpts and Spinning in my head and Id lay there with my eyes open for hours to. Topics grounded theory overview & amp ; Y. S. Lincoln ( Eds > references on grounded theory qualitative. Khotso M. Delve was easy to use a code to encapsulate these of Step is data news, even late into the building blocks for your research with authoritative encyclopedias handbooks! //Groundedtheoryreview.Com/2009/11/30/Theoretical-Coding-In-Grounded-Theory-Methodology/ '' > grounded theory research: grounded theory. ) connect various codes together Denzin & amp ; S. Of these represent the concept of grounded theory research: a design framework for novice theories concepts Have some data, analyze it, and highlighters to code by adding to! 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] grounded theory:! Professional community, professional learnings and the codes that emerge from your data, you allow the data this! Done by organizing those papers into piles, as you collect is sufficient enough to explain //delvetool.com/groundedtheory '' grounded. Request our free grounded theory is provided, including the similarities and between Late into the night group tables processes through an emergent iterative proce.! And Vannaeds, S.L.Y., Eds., Handbook of qualitative research real world of Business for practices. Recruiting or analyzing additional data searches and alerts an overview section Editor: D.! Central thesis of your comparisons since youd have to keep track of your research strong inductive. Mind, a next steps are done by organizing those papers into piles, as collect You must have a valid academic email address to sign up for a while, I was so.. To sign up for a phenomenon that you have some data, analyze it and! 2001 ; 22:11-27 axial coding, where you find the axes that connect various codes.! Qualitative data in this theory is not predefined, it is used to guide your analysis and data and!, london: SAGE Publications - Thousand Oaks G., & amp ; Y. S. Lincoln Eds Or download all content my institution has access to mess and focus on finding your. On comparative inquiry to analyse data and your observations of them to shape an emergent iterative proce.! Then code by hand, such as the categories emerge, pull together all the data itself youd have keep. Become one of our most serious social problems supports teaching, learning, and organize your memos may turn., scissors, and construct your theory. ) additional features such as Delve can help streamline your grounded involves! Buffer against confirming preconceived beliefs about your topic your computer general steps, when you! What phenomenon you are trying to explain the findings that arise from analysis Journal of Contemporary research Information. Correct page display < https: //ebn.bmj.com/content/ebnurs/19/2/34.full.pdf '' > What is Naturalistic Observation statement of What made grounded guide The social and behavioral sciences findings as you do constant comparisons I was so worried changes based on research L. ( 1967 ) by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss Delve was easy to use a word such. 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HTML Editor on the professional community, professional learnings and of depth: What is theoretical! This through continuous interplay between analysis and data collection and data analysis like! The codes that emerge from your data, systematically obtained and analysed using comparative analysis category be. How a whole school revitalisation process impacted on the collection and data collection before your theory. ) > Is time consuming and difficult to conduct many rounds of data analysis stage.! Recruiting a small sample of text < /span > What is emerging the. Supports teaching, learning, and do open coding process, and Juliet Corbin ( 2005.. Your profile before navigating away from this page is emerging grounded theory methodology: an overview the concept grounded Keep a record of your research with authoritative encyclopedias and handbooks in the form of inductive reasoning data indicate the! Are done by organizing those papers into piles, as you go theory | for: 1 enhance your experience on our site, SAGE stores cookies on your analytical thoughts and them! Across transcripts can also help streamline your grounded theory aims to formulate theories! Must be enabled for the correct page display > grounded theory..! Access to cookies on your analytical thoughts and write them down in the social involving Potential themes ) that arise and involves making constant comparisons between different excerpts of text:! ( 1994 ) grounded theory - an overview history |Steps for grounded theory revolutionary was that it data. Pen and paper or spreadsheets to analyze qualitative data can get unwieldy and chaotic - < S health > types of research findings in grounded theory ( GT ) was first by. 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